Extensive pedigrees reveal the social organization of a Neolithic community.

Social anthropology and ethnographic studies have described kinship systems and networks of contact and exchange in extant populations1-4. However, for prehistoric societies, these systems can be studied only indirectly from biological and cultural remains. Stable isotope data, sex and age at death can provide insights into the demographic structure of a burial community and identify local versus non-local childhood signatures, archaeogenetic data can reconstruct the biological relationships between individuals, which enables the reconstruction of pedigrees, and combined evidence informs on kinship practices and residence patterns in prehistoric societies. Here we report ancient DNA, strontium isotope and contextual data from more than 100 individuals from the site Gurgy 'les Noisats' (France), dated to the western European Neolithic around 4850-4500 BC. We find that this burial community was genetically connected by two main pedigrees, spanning seven generations, that were patrilocal and patrilineal, with evidence for female exogamy and exchange with genetically close neighbouring groups. The microdemographic structure of individuals linked and unlinked to the pedigrees reveals additional information about the social structure, living conditions and site occupation. The absence of half-siblings and the high number of adult full siblings suggest that there were stable health conditions and a supportive social network, facilitating high fertility and low mortality5. Age-structure differences and strontium isotope results by generation indicate that the site was used for just a few decades, providing new insights into shifting sedentary farming practices during the European Neolithic.

Todo cuidado do mundo: mulheres e o desafio da microcefalia congênita / Every care in the world: women and the challenge of congenital microcephaly / Todos los cuidados del mundo: mujeres y el desafío de la microcefalia congénita

O documentário Todo cuidado do mundo aborda histórias de mulheres, mães de filhos portadores da microcefalia congênita, malformação oriunda da contaminação de gestantes pelo Zika vírus. A expansão do Zika vírus e suas consequências para as gestantes são abordadas nesse documentário, que focaliza o impacto social gerado pelo vírus especialmente na vida das mães que possuem filhos portadores da microcefalia. Para além da realidade maternal, o vídeo apresenta a opinião de profissionais de saúde e problematiza a questão em torno da microcefalia congênita e seu impacto no direito à saúde. As discussões sobre as necessidades que têm as mães de filhos portadores da microcefalia e os apoios de que elas precisam, contribuem para sensibilizar o público sobre os desafios enfrentados por elas.

The documentary Todo cuidado do mundo (Every care in the world) addresses daily events in the life of women, mothers of children with congenital microcephaly, malformation resulting from contamination of pregnant women by Zika virus. The expansion of the Zika virus and its consequences for pregnant women are addressed in the documentary, which focuses on the social impact generated by that virus especially on the life of mothers who have children with microcephaly. In addition to the maternal reality, the video presents the opinion of health professionals and discusses the issue surrounding congenital microcephaly and its impact on the right to health. Discussions about the support that mothers of children with microcephaly require and their daily needs contribute to sensitize the public to the challenges faced by them.

El documental Todo cuidado do mundo (Todos los cuidados del mundo) aborda historias de mujeres, madres de niños con microcefalia congénita, malformación resultante de la contaminación, por el virus Zika, de mujeres embarazadas. La expansión del virus Zika y sus consecuencias para las mujeres embarazadas son abordadas en el documental, que enfoca el impacto social generado por el virus especialmente en la vida de las madres que tienen hijos con microcefalia. Además de la realidad materna, el vídeo presenta la opinión de los profesionales de la salud y discute el tema de la microcefalia congénita y su impacto en el derecho a la salud. Las discusiones sobre los apoyos que precisan las madres de niños con microcefalia y suyas necesidades diarias contribuyen para sensibilizar al público acerca de los desafíos que ellas enfrentan.

Amor de mãe: mobilizando sentimentos e afetos na sustentação de uma denúncia e na reconstrução do cotidiano / A mother's love: mobilization of feelings and affections in supporting a missing person's report and rebuilding daily life / Amor de madre: movilizando sentimientos y afectos en la sustentación de una denuncia y en la reconstrucción del cotidiano

Resumo Entre mães e familiares de vítimas do Estado, a possiblidade de vivenciar e de elaborar o luto está intensamente vinculada ao reconhecimento público da denúncia. No entanto, mobilizações e demandas são respondidas com represálias; as mortes e desaparecimentos não são plenamente percebidos como problemas sociais e reconhecidos enquanto homicídios. Por meio de um estudo de caso, que se arrasta por quinze anos sem solução jurídica, intenciono interpretar a expressão dos sentimentos maternos como recurso político e de sensibilização. Observo uma biografia moral e afetiva como ampliação discursiva e emocional de experiências maternas desencadeadas e construídas ao longo da percepção do evento crítico que é o desaparecimento forçado e analiso modalidades de afirmação que se desenrolam quando a violência é movimentada na fronteira entre denúncia e relações correntes.

Abstract For mothers and relatives of victims of the State, the chances of experiencing grief are closely linked to public acknowledgement of a missing person's report. However, mobilisations and demands are met with retaliation; deaths and disappearances are not fully perceived as social problems or acknowledged as homicides. By means of a fifteen-year case study still legally unsolved, my aim is to interpret the expression of motherly feelings as a political and sensitising resource. My contention is that a moral and affective biography is a discursive and emotional enlargement of motherly experiences that are triggered and constructed throughout the perception of an enforced disappearance as a critical episode. Moreover, I analyse modalities of assertion that take place whenever violence is performed at the border between a missing person's report and current relations.

Resumen Entre las madres y los parientes de victimas del Estado, la posibilidad de vivir y elaborar el luto está intensamente vinculada al reconocimiento público de la denuncia. Sin embargo, las movilizaciones y demandas son respondidas con represalias; las muertes y desaparecimientos no son plenamente entendidos como problemas sociales o reconocidos como homicidios. A través de un estudio de caso que se ha desarrollado por quince años sin solución jurídica, mi objetivo es interpretar la expresión de los sentimientos maternos como recurso político y de sensibilización. Observo una biografía moral y afectiva como una ampliación discursiva y emocional de experiencias maternas desencadenadas y construidas a lo largo de la percepción de un desaparecimiento forzado como un evento crítico. Además, analizo las modalidades de afirmación que se desarrollan cuando la violencia se mueve en la frontera entre la denuncia y las relaciones vigentes.

History Matters: Racialized Motherhoods and Neoliberalism.

Neoliberal political reasoning is remaking the state's democratic character and its governing rules to reflect those of the market. The most prominent legislative example, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, dictates work requirements, time limits, and monitoring and sanctioning of clients. Through such policies, the primary aims of government assistance changed from aiding needy citizens to transforming individuals into paid workers, regardless of continued poverty or care obligations. Although scholarship of related policy and governance tools has grown, less study has centered on understanding the historic events and ways in which race-based, gendered, and poverty narratives facilitated adoption of such austere policies. This article compares circumstances of African American and White mothers in the United States from the Revolutionary War to the postwelfare era. It describes what neoliberalism is, discusses the role of ideological discourses in policy and governance, presents the history and historical racialized portrayals of White and African American motherhood during this period, and analyzes the differential impact of ideological discourses using a lens of intersectionality. The conclusion discusses how discriminatory discourses subvert a democratic ethos for all and suggests ways for social workers to contest the impacts of neoliberalism.

Um espelho de duas faces: ser ou não ser mãe? / A double-sided mirror: to be or not to be a mother? / Un espejo de dos caras: ser o no ser madre

A maternidade por muito tempo foi considerada indispensável para a vivência feminina. Porém, nas últimas décadas, vem ocorrendo um movimento contrário a uma naturalização do sentimento materno fundamentado apenas pelo pertencimento da mulher ao gênero feminino. Este trabalho é fruto de um mestrado em andamento cujo objetivo é descrever como a concepção sobre a maternidade foi construída, bem como analisar, através do Desafio da Maternidade Real, postado na plataforma Facebook, matérias e documentários publicados no Youtube, como as pessoas se manifestam a respeito desse assunto. Através desta análise, percebemos a necessidade de alavancar a discussão também em torno de uma não maternidade. Metodologicamente, adotamos a Teoria Ator- Rede para mapear e discutir as translações efetuadas entre os diversos actantes envolvidos na controvérsia e por entendermos que os dados disponíveis na internet se constituem um excelente campo de pesquisa, uma vez que potencializam a rastreabilidade dos acontecimentos.

Maternity has long been considered indispensable for the female experience. However, in recent decades there has been a movement contrary to a naturalization of maternal sentiment based only on women's belonging to the feminine gender. This work is the result of an ongoing Master's Degree, whose objective is to describe how the conception about motherhood was built, as well as analyze through the Challenge of Real Maternity, posted on the Facebook platform, stories and documentaries published on YouTube, how people manifest themselves about this subject. Through this analysis, we perceive the need to leverage the discussion also around a non-maternity. Methodologically, we adopted the Actor-Network Theory to map and discuss the translations performed among the various actors involved in the controversy and because we understand that the data available on the Internet constitute an excellent field of research, since they potentialize the traceability of events.

La maternidad por mucho tiempo fue considerada indispensable para la vivencia femenina. Pero en las últimas décadas viene ocurriendo un movimiento contrario a una naturalización del sentimiento materno fundamentado sólo en la pertenencia de la mujer al género femenino. Este trabajo es fruto de una maestría en marcha, cuyo objetivo es describir cómo la concepción sobre la maternidad fue construida, así como analizar a través del Desafío de la Maternidad Real, publicado en la plataforma Facebook, materias y documentales publicados en Youtube, como las personas se manifiestan al respecto. A través de este análisis, percibimos la necesidad de aprovechar la discusión también en torno a una no maternidad. Metodológicamente, adoptamos la Teoría Ator-Red para mapear y discutir las translaciones efectuadas entre los diversos actores involucrados en la controversia y por entender que los datos disponibles en Internet se constituyen un excelente campo de investigación, ya que potencian la rastreabilidad de los acontecimientos.

Mobilising Mothers: The 1917 National Baby Week.

This article focuses on Britain's 1917 National Baby Week and specifically how it played out in London. Pageantry and celebration were an important part of the event, and possibly a welcome distraction from the trials and horrors of war, and they were embraced by women of all social classes. But there was much more to it, as women who led the event seized the opportunity for political purposes, in what appeared to be an unthreatening environment of celebrating motherhood. Their goal was to promote the material wellbeing of, and state support for, women and children, and in this they were remarkably successful. Baby Week was also seized upon as an opportunity to showcase other welfare systems as a model for Britain, focusing in particular on New Zealand, with its free and comprehensive health service for infants. Rather than reflecting the eugenic and pronatalist concerns of the establishment, the event should be seen as a moment of politicisation of women arguing for cross-class social reform targeted at mothers.

Always stay cheerful - health information in the 1920s. / Vær alltid i godt humør ­ helseopplysning i 1920-årene.

BACKGROUND: The interwar period was a time of comprehensive preventive health programmes in Norway. Physical exercise, nutritious diets, strict sleep regimens and better hygiene were at the centre of these efforts. A massive mobilisation of volunteers and professionals took place. The publication of House Maxims for Mothers and Children was part of this large-scale mobilisation, and consisted of ten posters with pithy health advice for hanging on the wall. Mothers were an important target group for health promotion. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The posters have previously received little attention in medical literature, but they can elucidate some features of life and the health propaganda of their time. We have used databases that provide access to newspapers, books and medical literature: Retriever, bokhylla.no, Oria, PubMed and Web of Science. RESULTS: It is hard to quantify the effect of this popular movement when compared to political measures to improve living conditions. In any case, mortality rates fell, life expectancy increased and the dreaded communicable diseases were largely defeated. Special efforts were targeted at children, also with good results. Infant mortality fell and schoolchildren became healthier, stronger, taller and cleaner. INTERPRETATION: The line between social hygiene and general disciplining is blurred, for example the boundary between a healthy diet and bourgeois norms. The education of mothers and children also included a normative aspect that concerned good manners and control.

What Do Childbearing Women in Your Clinical Practice Look Like?

With cultural diversity increasing, what do the childbearing women in your practice look like? Beliefs about the central role of motherhood and the use of fertility rites in the life of a woman vary. Although individual differences exist because of the uniqueness of each woman, there are wonderfully rich cultural traditions and practices that influence what a woman believes and enacts. What constitutes a satisfying birth experience varies from woman to woman. Perinatal nurses can find many satisfying clinical experiences by being creative, flexible, and resilient in their approach to providing care.

Maternal history of Oceania from complete mtDNA genomes: contrasting ancient diversity with recent homogenization due to the Austronesian expansion.

Archaeology, linguistics, and existing genetic studies indicate that Oceania was settled by two major waves of migration. The first migration took place approximately 40 thousand years ago and these migrants, Papuans, colonized much of Near Oceania. Approximately 3.5 thousand years ago, a second expansion of Austronesian-speakers arrived in Near Oceania and the descendants of these people spread to the far corners of the Pacific, colonizing Remote Oceania. To assess the female contribution of these two human expansions to modern populations and to investigate the potential impact of other migrations, we obtained 1,331 whole mitochondrial genome sequences from 34 populations spanning both Near and Remote Oceania. Our results quantify the magnitude of the Austronesian expansion and demonstrate the homogenizing effect of this expansion on almost all studied populations. With regards to Papuan influence, autochthonous haplogroups support the hypothesis of a long history in Near Oceania, with some lineages suggesting a time depth of 60 thousand years, and offer insight into historical interpopulation dynamics. Santa Cruz, a population located in Remote Oceania, is an anomaly with extreme frequencies of autochthonous haplogroups of Near Oceanian origin; simulations to investigate whether this might reflect a pre-Austronesian versus Austronesian settlement of the island failed to provide unequivocal support for either scenario.

Wartime women giving birth: narratives of pregnancy and childbirth, Britain c. 1939-1960.

Women in Second World War Britain benefitted from measures to improve maternal and child health. Infant and maternal mortality rates continued to fall, new drugs became available, and efforts were made to improve the health of mothers and babies through the provision of subsidised milk and other foodstuffs. However, in return, women were also expected to contribute to the war effort through motherhood, and this reflected wider cultural ideas in the North Atlantic world in the first half of the twentieth century which equated maternity with military service. The aim of this article is to examine the interplay between narratives of birth and narratives of war in the accounts of maternity from women of the wartime generation. It will explore how the military-maternity analogy sheds light on women's experiences of pregnancy and childbirth in Britain during the Second World War, whilst also considering maternity within women's wider role as 'domestic soldiers', contributing to the war effort through their traditional work as housewives and mothers. In doing so, the article reveals the complexity of women's narratives. It demonstrates that they do not simply conform to the 'medical vs. social' binary, but reflect the wider cultural context in which women gave birth. Women incorporated the dominant discourses of the period, namely those around war, into their accounts.

Did factory girls make bad mothers? Women's labor market experience, motherhood, and children's mortality risks in the past.

Prior research has suggested that the quality of maternal care given to infants and small children plays an important role in the strong clustering of children's deaths. In this article, we investigate the quality of maternal care provided by those women who most nineteenth-century social commentators declared would never make good housewives or mothers: the young girls and women working in textile mills. We carried out this examination using an analysis of children's mortality risks in two textile cities in The Netherlands between roughly 1900 and 1930. Our analysis suggests that these children's clustered mortality risks cannot have resulted from either their mothers' labor market experience or biological or genetic factors.

Are stepmothers evil or simply unskilled? Infant death clustering in recomposed families.

We measure the concentration of infant deaths in families in the historical populations of Krummhörn, Germany and Québec, Canada in order to investigate whether mothers in recomposed families differ regarding their maternal quality. In particular, we are interested in whether stepmothers in Krummhörn are responsible for a diminution in the survival of their stepchildren because they poorly substitute maternal child care or because they disadvantage their stepchildren. The concentrations of infant deaths within the two populations are measured with Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients, and are compared with expected concentrations given by draws from a binomial distribution. Alleged differences between actual and calculated concentrations represent "causal" death clustering. In the Krummhörn region there is little evidence for "causal" death clustering that would indicate variations regarding their maternal quality, whereas Québec mothers exhibit a distinctively higher concentration of infant deaths.

A biocultural approach to breastfeeding interactions in Central Africa.

Anthropologists have long recognized that breastfeeding involves much more than feeding; it entails intimate social interactions between infants or children and their mothers. However, breastfeeding has predominantly been studied with respect to structural features (frequency, timing) as well as nutritional and health aspects of infant feeding. Thus, in this study we complement previous anthropological studies by examining social interactions that occur during breastfeeding among the Aka and Bofi foragers and Ngandu and Bofi farmers at various ages (three to four months, nine to ten months, toddlers). Further, we use an integrated biocultural perspective to explore how patterns of breastfeeding and social interactions can be shaped by economic constraints, cultural values, and children's development. Overall, our findings illustrate how biological and cultural factors interact and provide useful explanations of variations in breastfeeding structure and social interactions more so than either perspective alone.